 |
|
 |
|
Table 46
Correlations of Word Frequencies with Name Agreement in and across Languages
|
Frequencies from
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
English
|
+.21**
|
+.17**
|
+.22*
|
+.29**
|
+.16**
|
+.21**
|
+.09*
|
|
German
|
+.08*
|
+.20**
|
+.18**
|
+.25**
|
+.13**
|
+.17**
|
+.07~
|
|
Spanish
|
+.12**
|
+.10**
|
+.14**
|
+.19**
|
ns
|
+.16**
|
+.11**
|
|
Italian
|
+.08*
|
+.11**
|
+.15**
|
+.22**
|
+.09*
|
+.10*
|
+.06~
|
|
Bulgarian
|
ns
|
+.07~
|
+.16**
|
+.10*
|
+.09*
|
ns
|
+.06~
|
|
Hungarian
|
+.08*
|
+.11**
|
+.13**
|
+.19**
|
+.06~
|
+.12**
|
ns
|
|
Chinese
|
+.13**
|
+.13**
|
+.20**
|
+.21**
|
+.10*
|
+.20**
|
+.26**
|
|
"Other-Language Frequency"
|
+.11**
|
+.15**
|
+.22**
|
+.27**
|
+.12**
|
+.19**
|
+.09*
|
|
"Universal Frequency"
|
+.14**
|
+.17**
|
+.22**
|
+.28**
|
+.13**
|
+.19**
|
+.12**
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~)
Table 47
Correlations of Word Frequencies from Each Language with Naming Latencies in and across Languages
|
Frequencies from
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
English
|
-.34** |
-.31** |
-.37** |
-.39** |
-.28** |
-.29** |
-.33* |
|
German
|
-.30** |
-.32** |
-.35** |
-.38** |
-.27** |
-.32** |
-.29** |
|
Spanish
|
-.27** |
-.28** |
-.24** |
-.33** |
-.21** |
-.26** |
-.25** |
|
Italian
|
-.28** |
-.22** |
-.27** |
-.33** |
-.18** |
-.20** |
-.19** |
|
Bulgarian
|
-.31** |
-.25** |
-.34** |
-.32** |
-.27** |
-.22** |
-.28** |
|
Hungarian
|
-.27** |
-.27** |
-.27** |
-.33** |
-.22** |
-.27** |
-.25** |
|
Chinese
|
-.31** |
-.29** |
-.35** |
-.34** |
-.26** |
-.28** |
-.39** |
|
"Other-Language Frequency"
|
-.38** |
-.35** |
-.42** |
-.45** |
-.30** |
-.33** |
-.34** |
|
"Universal Frequency"
|
-.39** |
-.36** |
-.41** |
-.45** |
-.31** |
-.35** |
-.37** |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~)
Table 48
Regressions on Name Agreement within Each Language Using both "Own Frequency"
and "Other-Language Frequency" as Predictors
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor after all the others are controlled)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
+14.7**
|
+6.9**
|
+6.0**
|
+4.4**
|
+6.7**
|
+6.4**
|
+10.6**
|
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns
|
ns
|
-0.7*
|
-1.3**
|
ns
|
-1.3**
|
+0.7*
|
|
Initial Frication
|
+.05~
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
"Own Frequency"
|
+3.3**
|
+1.6**
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
+6.5**
|
|
"Other-Language Frequency"
|
-.05~
|
ns
|
+2.4**
|
+1.9**
|
ns
|
+1.6**
|
-0.7*
|
|
TOTAL VARIANCE
|
20.3**
|
11.5**
|
11.5**
|
13.3**
|
8.4**
|
11.7**
|
19.9**
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 49
Regressions on Naming Latencies within Each Language Using both "Own Frequency"
and "Other-Language Frequency" as Predictors
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor after all the others are controlled)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
-30.7** |
-23.1** |
-19.2** |
-17.8** |
-23.3** |
-20.0** |
-24.3** |
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
+0.7* |
ns |
ns |
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
|
Initial Frication
|
ns |
+0.9** |
ns |
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
|
"Own Frequency"
|
-0.7* |
ns |
ns |
ns |
-2.1** |
ns |
-4.1** |
|
"Other-Language Frequency"
|
-2.8** |
-3.4** |
-10.6** |
-7.3 ** |
-2.0** |
-3.8** |
-1.4** |
|
TOTAL VARIANCE
|
46.1** |
36.8** |
36.8** |
38.2** |
34.4** |
32.2** |
41.0** |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 50
Correlations of "Own-Language Frequency" and "Other-Language Frequency"
with Reaction Times for Morphophonological Variants (Lexical Code 2)
and Synonyms (Lexical Code 3)
|
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
OWN FREQUENCY
|
|
Lexical Code 2
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
-.17**
|
-.21**
|
ns
|
-.22**
|
|
Lexical Code 3
|
-.16~
|
-.23**
|
ns
|
-.19**
|
ns
|
ns
|
-.16~
|
|
OTHER-LANGUAGE FREQUENCY
|
|
Lexical Code 2
|
-.17*
|
ns
|
-.26**
|
-.23**
|
-.25**
|
-.08~
|
-.32**
|
|
Lexical Code 3
|
-.28**
|
-.27**
|
-.25**
|
-.33*
|
-.28**
|
-.21**
|
ns
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~)
Table 51
Cognate status: physical similarity between target names in average number of overlapping orthographic trigrams, across all pairs of languages
|
|
EN
|
GE
|
SP
|
IT
|
BU
|
HU
|
CH
|
|
English
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
German
|
0.65
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spanish
|
0.48
|
0.29
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
Italian
|
0.56
|
0.44
|
1.01
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
Bulgarian
|
0.30
|
0.48
|
0.31
|
0.44
|
---
|
|
|
|
Hungarian
|
0.19
|
0.30
|
0.18
|
0.27
|
0.33
|
---
|
|
|
Chinese
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
---
|
|
Mean Overlap with All Other Languages
|
0.37
|
0.36
|
0.38
|
0.46
|
0.31
|
0.21
|
0.02
|
(All languages: 30%)
|
|
|
 |
|
 |
|
