 |
|
 |
|
Table 52
Correlations of Length in Syllables from Each Language with Name Agreement in and across Languages
|
LENGTH IN SYLLABLES
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
English
|
-.09*
|
ns
|
-.07~
|
-.15**
|
-.07~
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
|
German
|
-.06~
|
ns
|
-.08*
|
-.11**
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Spanish
|
-.07~
|
ns
|
-.13**
|
-.11**
|
ns
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
|
Italian
|
-.06~
|
ns
|
-.10**
|
-.18**
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Bulgarian
|
ns
|
+.10*
|
ns
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
-.15**
|
+.08*
|
|
Hungarian
|
-.10*
|
ns
|
-.08*
|
-.15**
|
-.09*
|
-.15**
|
ns
|
|
Chinese
|
na
|
ns
|
ns
|
-.15**
|
ns
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
|
"Other-Language Length"
|
-.08*
|
ns
|
-.09*
|
-.19**
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
"Universal Length"
|
-.09*
|
ns
|
-.11**
|
-.20**
|
-.08~
|
-.09*
|
ns
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~)
Table 53
Correlations of Length in Syllables from Each Language on Naming Latencies within and across Languages
|
LENGTH IN SYLLABLES
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
English
|
+.16** |
+.18** |
+.12** |
+.19** |
+.15** |
+.13** |
+.12** |
|
German
|
+.18** |
+.16** |
+.14** |
+.13** |
+.14** |
+.11** |
+.14** |
|
Spanish
|
+.12** |
+.14** |
+.13** |
+.16** |
+.08* |
+.09* |
+.06~ |
|
Italian
|
+.19** |
+.13** |
+.16** |
+.14** |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Bulgarian
|
+.15** |
+.14** |
+.08* |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Hungarian
|
+.13** |
+.11** |
+.09* |
ns |
ns |
+.18** |
+.12** |
|
Chinese
|
+.14** |
+.19** |
+.08* |
+.19** |
+.13** |
+.12** |
+.17** |
|
"Other-Language Length"
|
+.14** |
+.14** |
+.14** |
+.22** |
+.16** |
+.11* |
+.11** |
|
"Universal Length"
|
+.16** |
+.15** |
+.15** |
+.22** |
+.15** |
+.13** |
+.13** |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~)
Table 54
Unique Variance Contributed by Each Length Predictor to Name Agreement on the Last Step
(Each in separate regressions, after goodness of depiction, visual complexity, word frequency and initial frication are controlled)
| PREDICTORS |
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
| Length in syllables |
ns |
ns |
-1.4** |
-1.8** |
ns |
-1.5** |
+0.9* |
| Syllable frequency type |
ns |
ns |
+1.5** |
+1.0* |
ns |
+2.4** |
+0.6~ |
| Length in characters |
-0.8* |
ns |
-1.3** |
-1.8** |
-0.7* |
-1.5** |
not applicable |
| Word Complexity |
-1.5** |
ns |
-3.6** |
-2.4** |
ns |
-2.7** |
not applicable |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 55
Unique Variance Contributed by Each Length Predictor to Naming Latencies on the Last Step
(Each in separate regressions, after goodness of depiction, visual complexity, word frequency and initial frication are controlled)
| PREDICTORS |
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
| Length in syllables |
ns |
ns |
+1.0** |
+0.6* |
ns |
+0.9* |
ns |
| Syllable frequency type |
ns |
ns |
-1.9** |
-1.2** |
-0.5* |
-1.4** |
-2.0** |
| Length in characters |
+0.5* |
ns |
+1.0** |
+0.6* |
+1.1** |
+1.6** |
not applicable |
| Word Complexity |
ns |
ns |
+2.0** |
ns |
ns |
+0.9* |
not applicable |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 56
Regressions on Name Agreement using both Length in Syllables and Syllable Type Frequency
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor after all the others are controlled)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
+14.5**
|
+7.0**
|
+6.3**
|
+4.9**
|
+7.0**
|
+7.0**
|
+10.8**
|
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Initial Frication
|
+0.5~
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Word Frequency
|
+3.2**
|
+3.5**
|
+0.8*
|
+2.9**
|
+0.8*
|
+0.5~
|
+6.3**
|
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
-0.8*
|
ns
|
ns
|
+1.2**
|
|
Syllable Type Frequency
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
+1.3**
|
+0.9*
|
|
TOTAL
|
19.8**
|
11.6**
|
9.4**
|
11.4**
|
8.1**
|
11.4**
|
20.1**
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 57
Regressions on Target RT using both Length in Syllables and Syllable Type Frequency
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor on last step)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
Chinese
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
-31.6** |
-22.7** |
-20.4** |
-19.8** |
-24.8** |
-21.0** |
-25.4** |
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
|
Initial Frication
|
ns |
+0.8* |
ns |
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
|
Word Frequency
|
-6.6** |
-5.2** |
-3.2** |
-8.2** |
-7.1** |
-3.9** |
-10.8** |
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Syllable Type Frequency
|
ns |
ns |
-0.8* |
-0.6* |
ns |
-0.7* |
-2.0** |
|
TOTAL
|
43.3** |
33.5** |
27.1** |
31.4** |
32.7** |
29.1** |
41.5** |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 58
Regressions on Name Agreement Using All Four Length Metrics
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor on last step)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
+15.1**
|
+6.9**
|
+6.1**
|
+4.5**
|
+7.0**
|
+7.0**
|
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Word Frequency
|
+1.2**
|
+3.2**
|
+1.2**
|
+2.4**
|
+.8*
|
ns
|
|
Initial Frication
|
+0.7*
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns
|
+0.6~
|
ns
|
ns
|
+0.5~
|
ns
|
|
Syllable Type Frequency
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
+0.8*
|
|
Length in Characters
|
-0.7*
|
ns
|
ns
|
ns
|
-1.0*
|
ns
|
|
Word Complexity
|
-0.4~
|
ns
|
-2.5**
|
-1.1*
|
ns
|
-0.8*
|
|
4 Length Metrics Entered Together
|
(2.3**)
|
(ns)
|
(4.1**)
|
(3.0**)
|
(ns)
|
(3.7**)
|
|
TOTAL VARIANCE
|
22.1**
|
12.0**
|
11.9**
|
12.6**
|
9.1**
|
12.3**
|
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
Table 59
Regressions on Target RT Using All Four Length Metrics
(Total variance & percent unique variance accounted for by each predictor on last step)
|
PREDICTORS
|
English
|
German
|
Spanish
|
Italian
|
Bulgarian
|
Hungarian
|
|
Goodness of Depiction
|
-31.5** |
-22.7** |
-20.1** |
-19.7** |
-24.6** |
-20.8** |
|
Visual Complexity
|
ns |
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
+0.7* |
ns |
|
Word Frequency
|
-5.6** |
-7.0** |
-3.6** |
-7.9** |
-6.9** |
-3.4** |
|
Initial
Frication
|
ns |
+0.5~ |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
Length in Syllables
|
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
-0.5* |
ns |
|
Syllable Type Frequency
|
ns |
ns |
-0.8* |
-0.5* |
ns |
-0.6* |
|
Length in Characters
|
+0.6* |
ns |
ns |
ns |
+1.1** |
+0.5* |
|
Word Complexity
|
ns |
ns |
+1.1* |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
4 Length Metrics Entered Together
|
(ns) |
(ns) |
(3.0**) |
(1.2**) |
(1.7**) |
(2.3**) |
|
TOTAL
VARIANCE
|
43.9** |
33.7** |
28.2** |
31.4** |
33.8** |
29.8** |
(levels of significance: p<0.01 level: **, p<0.05 level: *, p<0.1 level: ~; plus/minus indicates direction of contribution)
|
|
|
 |
|
 |
|
